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  • Which antioxidants are used in rubber vulcanization?
  • The amine and phenolic antioxidants are the most widely used rubber antioxidants (Fig. 1 b and c). Generally, the phenolic antioxidants have poor antioxidative efficiency (compared to amine antioxidants) and they can delay vulcanization, but they cause little discoloration problems.
  • Are rubber antioxidants toxic?
  • Recent advances in the toxicity issue of rubber antioxidant With the increasing popularity of automobiles, tire wear particles, generated from tire material during use on roads, would ultimately enter the eco-system, such as soil, aquatic environment, etc .
  • How does a rubber matrix affect antioxidative performance?
  • Obviously, the solubility/dispersity of the antioxidant within the rubber matrix is a key factor in determining the antioxidative performance, and the antioxidative efficiency of antioxidant increases with the dispersion state within the rubber matrix, owing to higher specific surface area available for termination of radicals.
  • Can hydroxytoluene stop the autocatalytic aging reaction of rubber?
  • For instance, as shown in Fig. 1 b, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) could donate a hydrogen atom and convert peroxy radical to hydroperoxide, and therefore it could stop the autocatalytic aging reaction of rubber by blocking the propagation of peroxy radicals (Fig. 1 b), each BHT consumes two peroxy radicals. 3.